Summary

WTE (Waste-to-Energy) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste. WTE is a form of energy recovery. Most WTE processes produce electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels.

The report forecast global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) market to grow to reach xxx Million USD in 2019 with a CAGR of xx% during the period 2020-2025 due to coronavirus situation.
The report offers detailed coverage of WTE (Waste-to-Energy) industry and main market trends with impact of coronavirus. The market research includes historical and forecast market data, demand, application details, price trends, and company shares of the leading WTE (Waste-to-Energy) by geography. The report splits the market size, by volume and value, on the basis of application type and geography.
First, this report covers the present status and the future prospects of the global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) market for 2015-2024.
And in this report, we analyze global market from 5 geographies: Asia-Pacific[China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Western Asia], Europe[Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland], North America[United States, Canada, Mexico], Middle East & Africa[GCC, North Africa, South Africa], South America[Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru].
At the same time, we classify WTE (Waste-to-Energy) according to the type, application by geography. More importantly, the report includes major countries market based on the type and application.
Finally, the report provides detailed profile and data information analysis of leading WTE (Waste-to-Energy) company.

Key Content of Chapters as follows (Including and can be customized) :
Part 1:
Market Overview, Development, and Segment by Type, Application & Region
Part 2:
Company information, Sales, Cost, Margin etc.
Part 3:
Global Market by company, Type, Application & Geography
Part 4:
Asia-Pacific Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 5:
Europe Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 6:
North America Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 7:
South America Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 8:
Middle East & Africa Market by Type, Application & Geography
Part 9:
Market Features
Part 10:
Investment Opportunity
Part 11:
Conclusion

Market Segment as follows:
By Region
Asia-Pacific[China, Southeast Asia, India, Japan, Korea, Western Asia]
Europe[Germany, UK, France, Italy, Russia, Spain, Netherlands, Turkey, Switzerland]
North America[United States, Canada, Mexico]
Middle East & Africa[GCC, North Africa, South Africa]
South America[Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, Chile, Peru]
Key Companies
Roche
Amgen
AbbVie
Sanofi-Aventis
Johnson & Johnson
Pfizer
Novo Nordisk
Eli Lilly
Novartis
Merck
3sbio
Changchun High Tech
CP Guojian
Biotech
Gelgen
Innovent
Dong Bao
Ganlee
United Laboratories
Market by Type
Antibody
Hormone
Growth Factors
Others
Market by Application
Tumor
Diabetes
Cardiovascular
Hemophilia
Others

Table of Contents
Part 1 Market Overview
1.1 Market Definition
1.2 Market Development
1.2.1 Current Situation
1.2.2 Aspects of COVID-19 Impact
1.3 By Type
Table Type of WTE (Waste-to-Energy)
Figure Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Type in 2019
1.4 By Application
Table Application of WTE (Waste-to-Energy)
Figure Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Application in 2019
1.5 By Region
Figure Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Region in 2019
Figure Asia WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Region in 2019
Part 2 Key Companies
2.1 Roche
2.1.1 Company Profile
Table Roche Overview List
2.1.2 Products & Services Overview
2.1.3 Sales Data List
Table WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Business Operation of Roche (Sales Revenue, Sales Volume, Price, Cost, Gross Margin)
2.2 Amgen
2.3 AbbVie
2.4 Sanofi-Aventis
2.5 Johnson & Johnson
2.6 Pfizer
2.7 Novo Nordisk
2.8 Eli Lilly
2.9 Novartis
2.10 Merck
2.11 3sbio
2.12 Changchun High Tech
2.13 CP Guojian
2.14 Biotech
2.15 Gelgen
2.16 Innovent
2.17 Dong Bao
2.18 Ganlee
2.19 United Laboratories
Part 3 Global Market Status and Future Forecast
3.1 Global Market by Region
Table Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Region, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Region in 2019 (Million USD)
Table Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Region, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Region in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Region, 2015-2019
3.2 Global Market by Company
Table Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Company in 2019 (Million USD)
Table Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Company, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Company in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Company, 2015-2019
3.3 Global Market by Type
Table Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)
Table Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019
3.4 Global Market by Application
Table Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)
Table Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
3.5 Global Market by Forecast
Figure Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Global WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
Part 4 Asia-Pacific Market Status and Future Forecast
4.1 Asia-Pacific Market by Type
Table Asia-Pacific WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Asia-Pacific WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)
Table Asia-Pacific WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Asia-Pacific WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019
4.2 Asia-Pacific Market by Application
Table Asia-Pacific WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Asia-Pacific WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)
Table Asia-Pacific WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Asia-Pacific WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
4.3 Asia-Pacific Market by Geography
4.3.1 China Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure China WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure China WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure China WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure China WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
4.3.2 Southeast Asia Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Southeast Asia WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Southeast Asia WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
4.3.3 India Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure India WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure India WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure India WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
4.3.4 Japan Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Japan WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Japan WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Japan WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Japan WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
4.3.5 Korea Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Korea WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Korea WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Korea WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
4.3.6 Oceania Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Oceania WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Oceania WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Oceania WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Oceania WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Market by Forecast
Figure Asia-Pacific WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Asia-Pacific WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
Part 5 Europe Market Status and Future Forecast
5.1 Europe Market by Type
Table Europe WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Europe WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Europe WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019
5.2 Europe Market by Application
Table Europe WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Europe WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)
Table Europe WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Europe WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
5.3 Europe Market by Geography
5.3.1 Germany Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Germany WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Germany WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Germany WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Germany WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
5.3.2 UK Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure UK WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure UK WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure UK WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure UK WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
5.3.3 France Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure France WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure France WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure France WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure France WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
5.3.4 Italy Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Italy WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Italy WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Italy WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Italy WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
5.3.5 Russia Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Russia WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Russia WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Russia WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Russia WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
5.3.6 Spain Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Spain WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Spain WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Spain WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Spain WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
5.3.6 Netherlands Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Netherlands WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Netherlands WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Netherlands WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Netherlands WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
5.3.7 Turkey Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Turkey WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Turkey WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Turkey WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Turkey WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
5.3.6 Switzerland Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Switzerland WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Switzerland WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Switzerland WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Switzerland WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
5.4 Europe Market by Forecast
Figure Europe WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Europe WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
Part 6 North America Market Status and Future Forecast
6.1 North America Market by Type
Table North America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure North America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)
Table North America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure North America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019
6.2 North America Market by Application
Table North America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure North America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)
Table North America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure North America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
6.3 North America Market by Geography
6.3.1 United States Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure United States WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure United States WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure United States WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure United States WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
6.3.2 Canada Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Canada WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Canada WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Canada WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Canada WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
6.3.3 Mexico Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Mexico WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Mexico WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Mexico WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Mexico WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
6.4 North America Market by Forecast
Figure North America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure North America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
Part 7 South America Market Status and Future Forecast
7.1 South America Market by Type
Table South America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure South America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)
Table South America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure South America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019
7.2 South America Market by Application
Table South America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure South America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)
Table South America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure South America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
7.3 South America Market by Geography
7.3.1 Brazil Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Brazil WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Brazil WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Brazil WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Brazil WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
7.3.2 Argentina Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Argentina WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Argentina WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Argentina WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Argentina WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
7.3.3 Columbia Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Columbia WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Columbia WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Columbia WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Columbia WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
7.3.4 Chile Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Chile WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Chile WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Chile WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Chile WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
7.3.5 Peru Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure Peru WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Peru WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Peru WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Peru WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
7.4 South America Market by Forecast
Figure South America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure South America WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
Part 8 Middle East & Africa Market Status and Future Forecast
8.1 Middle East & Africa Market by Type
Table Middle East & Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Middle East & Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Type in 2019 (Million USD)
Table Middle East & Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Type, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Middle East & Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Type in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Type, 2015-2019
8.2 Middle East & Africa Market by Application
Table Middle East & Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Middle East & Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Application in 2019 (Million USD)
Table Middle East & Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market by Application, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure Middle East & Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Share by Application in 2019 (Volume)
Table Price List by Application, 2015-2019
8.3 Middle East & Africa Market by Geography
8.3.1 GCC Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure GCC WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure GCC WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure GCC WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure GCC WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
8.3.2 North Africa Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure North Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure North Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure North Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure North Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
8.3.3 South Africa Market Status and Future Forecast
Figure South Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Million USD)
Figure South Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Market Status, 2015-2019 (Volume)
Figure South Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure South Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
8.4 Middle East & Africa Market by Forecast
Figure Middle East & Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Million USD)
Figure Middle East & Africa WTE (Waste-to-Energy) Market Forecast, 2020-2025 (Volume)
Part 9 Market Features
9.1 Product Features
9.2 Price Features
9.3 Channel Features
9.4 Purchasing Features
Part 10 Investment Opportunity
10.1 Regional Investment Opportunity
10.2 Industry Investment Opportunity
PART 11 Coronavirus Impact
11.1 Impact on Industry Upstream
11.2 Impact on Industry Downstream
11.3 Impact on Industry Channels
11.4 Impact on Industry Competition
11.5 Impact on Industry Obtain Employment
Part 12 Conclusion

Request Sample

All fields marked with an asterisk (*) are required